Medzi ľudskými kultúrami v Orbis Furum sa nájde veľa jazykov, ktoré vymreli, stali sa zriedkavejšími než v minulosti, alebo sú dnes vyhradené iba pre využitie v úzkych, konkrétnych nikách alebo využitie na rôzne špeciálne účely (náboženské a liturgické jazyky, jazyky učenosti a vzdelávania, atď.).
V tomto prehľade sa bližšie pozrieme na archontčinu, na nodaadčinu, na známe jedinečné jazyky a nárečia Maloľudu, a tiež na jeden konkrétny príklad argotu zo stredného Aporue.
1.) "Archontian" / "Archontic" / "Old Imperial"
Lingua franca zaniknutého Starého impéria (populárne nazývaného "Archontia"), ešte z neskorého staroveku. Alebo... Ako by povedali "stredovekí" a
"post-stredovekí" učenci z Aporue, v neskoršej, nástupníckej forme archontčiny, legósa nobrenna. (Pamätajte. V tomto svete nikdy neboli žiadni Frankovia ani Francúzi, iba Nobrenčania.)
Ako znel tento jazyk ? Ako autor by som to prirovnal ku zmesi latinčiny a prvkov iných románskych jazykov (ktoré sa vyvíjali pod vplyvom latinčiny) s mnohými prvkami gréčtiny, a v menšej miere aj iných jazykov. Pre porovnanie s predobrazmi z reálneho sveta, tieto ďalšie jazyky, ktoré prispeli prevzatými slovami a konceptami, by boli obdobami rôznych jazykov v okolí Stredozemného mora počas antiky, napr. domorodé jazyky severnej Afriky, jazyky Levantu, jazyky Malej Ázie, atď.
Príklady výrazov a fráz v archontčine
Tieto sú prevažne podobné tým v Starej archontčine a jej neskorších dedičoch, Cirkevnej archontčine a Učenej archontčine.
Eag súmai isót forgora. - Ja som na trhovisku. [1]
Dío súmai magana. - Boh je veľký.
Ypirsérvi Díola - Služobník Boží
Perogreskynus - Pútnik (ak je toto slovo písané veľkým písmenom, odkazuje na Pútnika ako tajuplnú fyzickú inkarnáciu Stvoriteľa/Tvorcu)
sángtos anthopulus - svätí ľudia, trochu dlhšie slovné spojenie pre "svätcov"
Well-established Archontian terms for major religious branches that group together certain types of churches are Olankalian [2] and Alithidromic [3]. These would be the equivalents of the Catholic and Orthodox churches of the real world.
I have joked about this before, but you can imagine Archontian as a bit
like that vaguely Latin-sounding gobbledygook heard in the fictional
lyrics of the songs by the French band ERA. Exponát A, Exponát B (+ približný "preklad"). :-)) Just imagine more of a Greek-sounding influence in the words, and some
elements of other languages from around the Meditteranean Sea, and
you'll have somewhat of an idea. ;-)
Archontika, abecedné písmo používané archontčinou
Ancient Archontian ("Old Imperial") was written in the Archontic script,
which has continued to slightly evolve in the many centuries since the
Old Empire's demise. The Archontic script I have focused on and depicted
here earlier is largelly consistent with the standards used in the
"present day" of the setting. Whereas the language can be referred to
interchangeably as Archontian and Archontic, the writing script and
alphabet are always referred to only as Archontic.
Poznámky
[1] isót - vágne grécky znejúce slovo (sto), s určitými latinsky/románsky znejúcimi prvkami...
[2] Olankalian - the term is loosely derived from real world Greek óla-ankaliázei, i.e. "all-embracing"
[3] Alithidromic - the term is loosely derived from real world Greek, alithís, i.e. "truthful", and drómos, i.e. "road", "way"
2.) Nodaadčina / nodádčina
The original language of the Irim people, also known as the Nodaadim.
The Irim people who still inhabit the traditional homelands of the Irim
and western Aiza continue to use its dialects as an everyday mother
tongue. However, the Irim diaspora in Aporue (and often elsewhere as
well) have largelly retained it only as a religious language, used in their religious services and in their religious schools.
Both religious and secular scholars of the Irim also use it, to varying
degrees, as a language of learning and even scientific scholarship,
while others prefer to use the more modern forms of Archontian,
especially Scholarly Archontian (this is because Churchly Archontian is
seen as overly tied to the non-Irim faiths, and thus unsuitable for
actual Irim religious scholarship, or at least most of it).
Most of the Irim in Aporue (including the Irim community in Melza) speak
newer tongues that had emerged on the continent as a result of
hybridizing vocabulary and grammar of colloquial Nodaadic with the
various languages and dialects of local people. These newly-formed
languages, many of them already centuries old by this point, have by and
large become the new everyday languages and new mother tongues of most
Irim / Nodaadim citizens.
Despite Archontic originating from different but related languages of a
very different language family than Nodaadic, "Old Imperial" had
incorporated words and terminology from languages of many surrounding
language families, including terms, expression and concepts from
Nodaadic and its linguistic relatives. This is particularly notable in
the case of Churchly Archontian, which has borrowed (and often
phonetically modified) a fair few terms from Nodaadic, especially
religious and philosophical terms that were not present in Ancient
Archontian or had no good equivalent in Ancient Archontian.
- | - | - | -
3. ) Jazyky a nárečia aporuejského Maloľudu
An interesting factor in the origins, history and surviving forms of
languages unique to the Smallfolk (Rarachs and Permons) is that they
might have actually begun as something of an intentionally artificial
language, created by their earliest speakers as something of a secret
language. The reasons behind this might have been efforts by members of
either the Rarach or Permon smallfolk to escape the closer scrutiny of
more prejudiced or outright hostile Bigfolk humans.
This hypothetical factor has never been resolves to early linguists'
satisfaction, and those Rarachs and Permons who still speak their unique
languages at least in private have been unwilling to provide more
deeper insights into the history, nature and purpose of the smallfolk
languages. Many who subscribe to the "artificial secret language"
hypothesis often dovetail with the proponents of the "supernatural
evolution" (or "magical evolution") hypotheses that claim neither the
smallfolk nor the beastpeoples have existed since time immemorial, but
might have been a result of the infamous (yet still poorly understood)
magical experimentations conducted in the Old Empire. Though linguists
have been able to identify what seem like loanwords into the smallfolk
languages, from the ancient forms of bigfolk languages from eastern Aiza
and ancient Aporue, there is inconclusive evidence on whether the
smallfolk languages were newly-created secret languages, with some terms
from established human languages reinserted back as loanwords, or
whether the smallfolk languages were originally derived directly from
bigfolk languages, and intentionally modified by their speakers to
become more unique-sounding and secretive languages that weren't easy to
decipher by community outsiders.
Možný jazykový rodostrom jazykov aporuejského Maloľudu
Dole je uvedený veľmi hypotetický rodostrom pre známe jazyky Maloľudu (a ich nárečia), ktoré sa vyskytujú na kontinente Aporue.
Aporuejské jazyky (Jazyky Veľkoľudu) ? / jazyky východnej Aizy ? / a priori jazyky ?
* Podskupina jazykov bežného Maloľudu (Rarachov)
** Proto-raráština, Prararáština
*** Staroraráština ?
*** Stredoveká raráština ?
**** Súčasná raráština (vyvinula sa z konkrétnych variet Stredovekej raráštiny)
***** Súčasné nárečové variácie raráštiny: Western Aporuean
Rarach, Southwest Aporuean Rarach, Central Aporuean Rarach, Eastern
Aporuean Rarach, Southern Aporuean Rarach
* Podskupina jazykov horského Maloľudu (Permonov)
** Proto-permončina, Prapermončina
*** Staropermončina / Staroveká permončina ?
**** Stredoveká permončina ?
***** Súčasné nárečové variácie permončiny: Western Aporuean
Permonic, Southwest Aporuean Permonic, Northern Aporuean and Hrímlandic
Permonic, Central Aporuean Permonic, Southern and Southeast Aporuean
Permonic
Mená aporuejského Maloľudu
Some personal names and family names
originate primarily in the unique smallfolk languages, either in the
Rarach languages and dialects, or the Permon languages and dialects.
Solving the etymology of some names can be rather difficult and
sometimes outright impossible, as the Rarach and Permon languages
liberally borrowed or reworked loanwords from bigfolk human languages.
It's often difficult to say where the influence of one or the other
begins and ends.
A textbook example would be the Permon male name Laternin, which
features elements that seem to borrow heavily from Archontian, but was
considered a uniquely Permon male name for much of its recorded history,
ever since its emergence. Eventually, it became one of a number of more
uniquely Rarach and Permon names that also found popularity and use
among the Bigfolk. In addition to all of the aforementioned factors,
this popular loaning into bigfolk human languages has muddled and
complicated the research into the history and etymology of smallfolk
names.
Príklady rarašského nárečia zo stredného Aporue
Pracujeme na tom.
Príklady permonského nárečia zo stredného Aporue
Acinmrek ! - vysl. a-cin-mrek - "Well, I never !", "Došľaka !", "Doparoma...", "Ale, dokelu..."
A very mild slur in Permonic, said as an exclamation of frustration, mild anger or bewilderement.
(V skutočnosti Kremnica odzadu. ;-) )
- | - | - | -
4.) Argot a iné miestne tajné jazyky
V rámci súboru tajných, šifrovaných jazykov, ktoré sa v priebehu dejín Aporue postupne vyvinuli, nie je možné vynechať používaním omnoho užší, no nemenej zaujímavý a výrazný jav argotických jazykov.
These are often used by people on the periphery of what's considered
"acceptable society", and primarily include the likes of individual
criminals or whole criminal groups. As the main point of argot is that
few should be able to understand the coded meanings of its vocabulary,
the vocabulary of argot or cant is never exactly stable, and always
tends to change or reinvent itself after a few years or at most decades,
in order to keep fulfilling its role as a secret criminal language.
Though mobsters sometimes use argot, its main users are petty thieves
and small-time crooks, professional thieves-freelancers, informants for
thieves, members of thieving fellowships or thieves' guilds, but also
double agents and spies for both thieving organizations and the police,
which can complicate matters. Argot and cant are used not only by
humans, but also by beastpeoples.
Virtually every city and town that has a substantial grouping of
professional thieves, also has its own secret “dialects”, used by said
thieves. Argot (or popularly, “cant”) can technically use any existing
local dialect or colloquial speech as its basis, but the key to its
success lies in its vocabulary. Common words or words that could easily
reveal criminal/illegal intent are (usually cleverly) replaced by
completely different terms - though ones that have been derived with at
least some intuitive, logical, metonymical or just punny connection to
the original word/expression.
Naturally, a thieving argot (or any argot) develops over time, having a
general tendency to reshape, renew and reinvent itself due to the
hazards dogging its users: Once an argotic expression becomes too well
known to the commoners who weren't supposed to understand it, old
expressions are jettisoned and replaced with new ones. Argots have a
very vibrant and dynamic existence when it comes to their vocabulary, to
the point that it sometimes borders on the ephemeral.
At this particular point in Aporuean history, Melza has several
prevailing argot conventions among professional thieves. There are some
relatively universal expressions and idioms in place throughout the
whole City, but many guilds and fellowships also develop their own
argot, for the sake of greater safety and discretion, and also greater
ease of use. The table that follows includes some of the more universal
expressions from the Melzan thieving twang.
Príklad zlodejského argotu v Melze
| Argotizmus | Význam |
|---|---|
| plech, džura, fošňa | dom, obydlie, byt |
| štrb, voška, škára, budár | sprisahanecký úkryt, brloh, skrýša |
| keňer, šťanka, šťankožranica | hostinec, šenk, krčma |
| ryha, žľab, válov, strž, struha | ulica |
| boľačka, modrina | ulička, zadná ulička |
| tanier, tácka | dvor, nádvorie |
| kĺzať sa, šmýkať sa, pätovať, odkradnúť sa | ísť, kráčať (niekam) |
| spľundrovať, smetiť, pratať, zastrčiť | predávať lup, priniesť priekupníkovi lup |
| vajko v košíku, košíček, zúbok, chrup | skrýša pre lup, úkryt s lupom |
| varené vajce, puknuté vajce, vybitý zub, zubybolenie | poškodený lup, poškodený kontraband |
| bodliak, žihľava, handra, striga | dýka alebo bodná zbraň |
| cvendžák, lečo, reč, špik | meč (spravidla rovný) |
| kosa, holeň, ostriholeň | šabľa alebo zakrivený meč |
| konár, vetva, uzol, hodváb | luk |
| cvakáč, cvakaňa, orech, muškát, verklík | kuša |
| ražeň, trieska, triesočka | šíp |
| šklb, šklbaňa, čap, svoreň | šípka (pre kušu) |
| pinka, cól, latka | priekupník, prostredník, príjemca |
| sýkorka, vrabec, muška | špiceľ, informant |
| vlk, trivé | žartovné skratky, znamenajúce “vreckár-lapikapsár” a “vykrádač vreciek a vačkov” - vreckár, vačkozlodej, mešcokrad |
| čelo, ceš, šeše | šéf zlodejského cechu |
| bandaliér, čižma | spojenec z cechu, spravidla ozbrojený (napr. Strážnik, Fanfarón) |
| palec, lyko, dážďovník, potkaniar | (bežný) policajt alebo pochôdzkár Mestskej stráže |
| čutora, čutorák, dúškar | strážnik alebo vartáš Stráže alebo Melzanskej armády |
| pouličná zmes, hrniec, rinčoš | člen Stráže slúžiaci v Lietajúcej čate alebo Tlmičoch |
| krmivo, kaša | pivo alebo iný alkohol |
| kapusta, kapustnica | káva alebo cigória |
| hniloba, hnis, sneť | jedlo alebo pokrmy |
Posunky (gestá) ako podskupina argotu a iných tajných jazykov
Even with the advance of technology, neither the cultures of Aporue, or
any other cultures anywhere in the world for that matter, have invented
devices capable of transfering people's voices in an audible fashion.
Forget portable radios, even oversized stationary telephones and radios
are still being worked on. They remain a pipe dream even for the
wealthiest reputable folk, so what's a poor professional thief to do ?
Use simple substitutes that have been around for ages, of course. Visual
signals, involving flashing signals with tiny mirrors or polished
pieces of metal, can prove practical at greater distances and in certain
situations. Sadly, unless the conditions are right, these are generally
too risky an option to be used stealthily. Audible signals, often
involving the use of birdcalls (or very good natural sounds imitation)
are also an option, and somewhat of a stealthier one than visual
signals. But only if they are done right. An inappropriate use of sounds
can still give one away…
Well, if even these simple substitutes are not all that secure, what to
use then ? Perhaps some of the oldest communication in the book, of
course: Gestures and facial expressions. Silent, not flashy, cost
nothing. And unless you run to a distance where no one can make heads or
tails of what you're gesturing, they are a very clear and unambiguous
communication method. Well… Unambiguous only as long as people agree
upon a secret code to go with each gesture.
Here's an overview of fairly standardised gesture and facial expressions
code in thieving underworld of Melza (some of them come in more than
one variation):
| Posunok | Výraz tváre | Význam |
|---|---|---|
| priloženie prsta k perám | N/A | "Quietly…" |
| priloženie prsta k perám, mentorské dvihnutia prsta | N/A | "Čo najtichšie…" |
| priloženie prsta k perám | mierne kývnutie | "Jasné, ticho ďalej postupuj." |
| poklepanie nosa ukazovákom | N/A | "Neboj sa. Viem…" |
| mávanie rukou k sebe z veľmi krátkej vzdialenosti, ukazovanie prstom na vlastnú nohu | mračenie sa, kývanie hlavou | "Pomalšie !" / "Nežeň(te) sa vpred !" |
| dvihnutie prsta a ukazovanie prstom na podlahu | mračenie sa | "Pozor, hlučná podlaha." |
| potriasanie nohou na mieste, ukazovanie prstom na podlahu | kyslé zaškerenie sa | "Pozor, vŕzgajúca drevená podlaha." |
| vodorovné držanie zovretej päste, ukazovanie prstom na podlahu | mračenie sa | "Pozor, hlučná kamenná/dláždená podlaha." |
| vodorovné držanie ruky (dlaňou dole), ukazovanie prstom na podlahu | mračenie sa | "Pozor, hlučná podlaha z dlaždíc." |
| kývnutie smerom k predmetu, “bagging” gesture | N/A | "Uchmatni to." / "Potiahni to." |
| kývnutie smerom k predmetu, posunok “hrabania” alebo “prehrabávania” rukou | N/A | "Over to." / "Prehľadaj to." |
| napodobňovanie držania ďalekohľadu pred okom | N/A | "Prezri to." / "Poobzeraj sa." |
| napodobňovanie držania ďalekohľadu pred okom, ukazovanie prstom | N/A | "Pozri sa tým smerom." |
| napodobňovanie držania ďalekohľadu pred okom, ukazovanie prstom na dvere | N/A | "Choď k dverám a nakukni cez kľúčovú dierku." |
| dlaň držaná za uchom, ukazovanie prstom na dvere | N/A | "Načúvaj za tými dverami." |
| posunok “tlačenia na kľučku”, ukazovanie prstom na dvere | N/A | "Opartne otvor tie dvere." |
| krátke zahnanie sa zovretou päsťou, ukazovanie prstom na strážnika | N/A | "Omráč ho." |
| krátke zahnanie sa zovretou päsťou, ukazovanie prstom na strážnika | jasné žmurknutie | "Omráč ho, ale uisti sa, že to pôjde." |
| posunok rukou napodobňujúci vlnky, ľubovoľne aj s ukazovaním prstom | N/A | "Tečúca voda…" / "Rieka." / "Potok." |
| zamávanie rukou ako pri rozháňaní dymu, krátky posunok “vrhania rukou” | N/A | "Hoď dymovú bombu." |
| krátky posunok “vrhania rukou” | prudké, zveličené žmurkanie | "Hoď zábleskovú bombu." |
| pohyb spakruky pred očami, krátky posunok “vrhania rukou” | N/A | "Hoď zábleskovú bombu." |
| zakrývanie úst dlaňou, krátky posunok “vrhania rukou” | N/A | “Hoď plynovú bombu.” |
| rýchle myknutie zápästím dohora so všetkými prstami roztiahnutými, krátky posunok “vrhania rukou” | N/A | “Hoď granát.” |
| zamávanie rukou ako pri rozháňaní dymu, krátky posunok nasmerovaný dlaňou dole | N/A | “Umiestni dymovú mínu.” |
| krátky posunok nasmerovaný dlaňou dole | prudké, zveličené žmurkanie | “Umiestni zábleskovú mínu.” |
| pohyb spakruky pred očami, krátky posunok nasmerovaný dlaňou dole | N/A | “Umiestni zábleskovú mínu.” |
| zakrývanie úst dlaňou, krátky posunok nasmerovaný dlaňou dole | N/A | “Umiestni plynovú mínu.” |
| rýchle myknutie zápästím dohora so všetkými prstami roztiahnutými, krátky posunok nasmerovaný dlaňou dole | N/A | “Umiestni mínu.” |
| krátky posunok nasmerovaný dlaňou dole, nasledovaný posunkom “otáčam číselníkom” [4] | N/A | "Nastav časovač na míne." |
Poznámky
[4] - množstvo času pre časovač je naznačené aj ukázaním určitého počtu prstov. Každý prst reprezentuje odlišnú kratšiu aporuejskú jednotku času. Jeden prst spravidla označuje thanker, dva prsty zas blesser. Držanie prsta (alebo prstov) v ohnutej, do 90° ohýbanej polohy, znamená polovicu času danej časovej jednotky..
(On a sidenote, besides real world sign languages devised for
communication between hearing-impaired and fully-hearing people,
gesture-based languages used for special purposes have been around for a
long time in human history. Some used for military applications, such
as this British Special Airborne Service gesture code,
some used in law enforcement (police gestures while opening a stealthy
police raid), and some even used by various criminals (past and present
gestures of thieves, small-time local gangs, etc.).
Zlodejova dilema: Ostať ticho alebo neostať ticho ?
So, let's imagine you and maybe one or two of your fellow burglars are
already taking part in some heist or proverbial catacomb-crawl. Let's
imagine a situation occurs where you can't rely on gestures and facial
expressions. You need to get verbal. Is it too risky or not ? Well, that
depends. The answer is context-sensitive.
If you feel or think someone (or, heaven forbid, something) could
hear you very easily, with your cover getting blown or at least
compromised quickly, try to avoid verbal communication. If you feel or
think that someone (or something) doesn't have much of a chance
to hear you if you speak up in what amounts to careful whispers… then
speak up to your companions in said careful whispers. It's all a matter
of common sense, knowing your current surroundings and staying vigilant,
and being willing to sometimes sacrifice utmost sneakiness for
effective communication and leadership.
Obviously, if you start running around and hollering in an already
hostile or potentially dangerous environment, expect bad stuff to come
your way, sooner or later.
- | - | - | -
PRE
Other Thick as Thieves linguistic overviews
- The Archontic alphabet and its history
- Melzan dialect (Melzish) and its relatives
- Beastpeople species languages (Part 1)
- Beastpeople species languages (Part 2)
- Personal names and family names in Aporue
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